Pandemic influenza A virus codon usage revisited: biases, adaptation and implications for vaccine strain development
Identifieur interne : 000233 ( 2020/Analysis ); précédent : 000232; suivant : 000234Pandemic influenza A virus codon usage revisited: biases, adaptation and implications for vaccine strain development
Auteurs : Natalia Go I [Uruguay] ; Andrés Iriarte [Uruguay] ; Victoria Comas [Uruguay] ; Martín So Ora [Uruguay] ; Pilar Moreno [Uruguay] ; Gonzalo Moratorio [Uruguay] ; Héctor Musto [Uruguay] ; Juan Cristina [Uruguay]Source :
- Virology Journal [ 1743-422X ] ; 2012.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adaptation biologique, Codon, Grippe humaine (), Grippe humaine (virologie), Grippe humaine (épidémiologie), Humains, Mutation, Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (génétique), Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (immunologie), Sélection génétique, Vaccins antigrippaux (génétique), Vaccins antigrippaux (immunologie), Évolution moléculaire.
- MESH :
- génétique : Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A, Vaccins antigrippaux.
- immunologie : Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A, Vaccins antigrippaux.
- virologie : Grippe humaine.
- épidémiologie : Grippe humaine.
- Adaptation biologique, Codon, Grippe humaine, Humains, Mutation, Sélection génétique, Évolution moléculaire.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adaptation, Biological, Codon, Evolution, Molecular, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (genetics), Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (immunology), Influenza Vaccines (genetics), Influenza Vaccines (immunology), Influenza, Human (epidemiology), Influenza, Human (prevention & control), Influenza, Human (virology), Mutation, Selection, Genetic.
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Influenza Vaccines.
- chemical , immunology : Influenza Vaccines.
- chemical : Codon.
- epidemiology : Influenza, Human.
- genetics : Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype.
- immunology : Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype.
- prevention & control : Influenza, Human.
- virology : Influenza, Human.
- Adaptation, Biological, Evolution, Molecular, Humans, Mutation, Selection, Genetic.
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a member of the family
We performed a comprehensive codon usage analysis of 310 IAV strains from the pandemic of 2009. Highly biased codon usage for Ala, Arg, Pro, Thr and Ser were found. Codon usage is strongly influenced by underlying biases in base composition. When correspondence analysis (COA) on relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) is applied, the distribution of IAV ORFs in the plane defined by the first two major dimensional factors showed that different strains are located at different places, suggesting that IAV codon usage also reflects an evolutionary process.
A general association between codon usage bias, base composition and poor adaptation of the virus to the respective host tRNA pool, suggests that mutational pressure is the main force shaping H1N1 pdm IAV codon usage. A dynamic process is observed in the variation of codon usage of the strains enrolled in these studies. These results suggest a balance of mutational bias and natural selection, which allow the virus to explore and re-adapt its codon usage to different environments. Recoding of IAV taking into account codon bias, base composition and adaptation to host tRNA may provide important clues to develop new and appropriate vaccines.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-422X-9-263) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-263
PubMed: 23134595
PubMed Central: 3543350
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000284
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000284
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000694
- to stream PubMed, to step Corpus: 000B72
- to stream PubMed, to step Curation: 000B72
- to stream PubMed, to step Checkpoint: 000B96
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: 001504
- to stream Ncbi, to step Curation: 001504
- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: 001504
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 001B00
- to stream Main, to step Curation: 001A57
- to stream Main, to step Exploration: 001A57
- to stream 2020, to step Extraction: 000233
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3543350Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pandemic influenza A virus codon usage revisited: biases, adaptation and implications for vaccine strain development</title><author><name sortKey="Go I, Natalia" sort="Go I, Natalia" uniqKey="Go I N" first="Natalia" last="Go I">Natalia Go I</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iriarte, Andres" sort="Iriarte, Andres" uniqKey="Iriarte A" first="Andrés" last="Iriarte">Andrés Iriarte</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Organización y Evolución del Genoma, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Evolución, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comas, Victoria" sort="Comas, Victoria" uniqKey="Comas V" first="Victoria" last="Comas">Victoria Comas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="So Ora, Martin" sort="So Ora, Martin" uniqKey="So Ora M" first="Martín" last="So Ora">Martín So Ora</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, Pilar" sort="Moreno, Pilar" uniqKey="Moreno P" first="Pilar" last="Moreno">Pilar Moreno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.418532.9</institution-id><institution>Unidad de Proteínas Recombinantes,</institution><institution>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo,</institution></institution-wrap>Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Mataojo 2020, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moratorio, Gonzalo" sort="Moratorio, Gonzalo" uniqKey="Moratorio G" first="Gonzalo" last="Moratorio">Gonzalo Moratorio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.418532.9</institution-id><institution>Unidad de Biofísica de Proteínas,</institution><institution>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo,</institution></institution-wrap>Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Mataojo 2020, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Musto, Hector" sort="Musto, Hector" uniqKey="Musto H" first="Héctor" last="Musto">Héctor Musto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Organización y Evolución del Genoma, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cristina, Juan" sort="Cristina, Juan" uniqKey="Cristina J" first="Juan" last="Cristina">Juan Cristina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23134595</idno><idno type="pmc">3543350</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543350</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3543350</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1743-422X-9-263</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000284</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000284</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000284</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000284</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000694</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000694</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="RBID">pubmed:23134595</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000B72</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000B72</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000B72</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000B72</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000B96</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000B96</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001504</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">001504</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">001504</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001B00</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001A57</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001A57</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/2020/Extraction">000233</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pandemic influenza A virus codon usage revisited: biases, adaptation and implications for vaccine strain development</title><author><name sortKey="Go I, Natalia" sort="Go I, Natalia" uniqKey="Go I N" first="Natalia" last="Go I">Natalia Go I</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iriarte, Andres" sort="Iriarte, Andres" uniqKey="Iriarte A" first="Andrés" last="Iriarte">Andrés Iriarte</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Organización y Evolución del Genoma, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Evolución, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comas, Victoria" sort="Comas, Victoria" uniqKey="Comas V" first="Victoria" last="Comas">Victoria Comas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="So Ora, Martin" sort="So Ora, Martin" uniqKey="So Ora M" first="Martín" last="So Ora">Martín So Ora</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, Pilar" sort="Moreno, Pilar" uniqKey="Moreno P" first="Pilar" last="Moreno">Pilar Moreno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.418532.9</institution-id><institution>Unidad de Proteínas Recombinantes,</institution><institution>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo,</institution></institution-wrap>Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Mataojo 2020, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moratorio, Gonzalo" sort="Moratorio, Gonzalo" uniqKey="Moratorio G" first="Gonzalo" last="Moratorio">Gonzalo Moratorio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.418532.9</institution-id><institution>Unidad de Biofísica de Proteínas,</institution><institution>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo,</institution></institution-wrap>Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Mataojo 2020, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Musto, Hector" sort="Musto, Hector" uniqKey="Musto H" first="Héctor" last="Musto">Héctor Musto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Organización y Evolución del Genoma, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cristina, Juan" sort="Cristina, Juan" uniqKey="Cristina J" first="Juan" last="Cristina">Juan Cristina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11630.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121657640</institution-id><institution>Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias,</institution><institution>Universidad de la República,</institution></institution-wrap>Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country><wicri:regionArea>Iguá 4225, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Virology Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1743-422X</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adaptation, Biological</term><term>Codon</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Humans</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (genetics)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (immunology)</term><term>Influenza Vaccines (genetics)</term><term>Influenza Vaccines (immunology)</term><term>Influenza, Human (epidemiology)</term><term>Influenza, Human (prevention & control)</term><term>Influenza, Human (virology)</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Selection, Genetic</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adaptation biologique</term><term>Codon</term><term>Grippe humaine ()</term><term>Grippe humaine (virologie)</term><term>Grippe humaine (épidémiologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (génétique)</term><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (immunologie)</term><term>Sélection génétique</term><term>Vaccins antigrippaux (génétique)</term><term>Vaccins antigrippaux (immunologie)</term><term>Évolution moléculaire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza Vaccines</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza Vaccines</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>Codon</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term><term>Vaccins antigrippaux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term><term>Vaccins antigrippaux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adaptation, Biological</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Selection, Genetic</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adaptation biologique</term><term>Codon</term><term>Grippe humaine</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Sélection génétique</term><term>Évolution moléculaire</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Influenza A virus (IAV) is a member of the family <italic>Orthomyxoviridae</italic> and contains eight segments of a single-stranded RNA genome with negative polarity. The first influenza pandemic of this century was declared in April of 2009, with the emergence of a novel H1N1 IAV strain (H1N1pdm) in Mexico and USA. Understanding the extent and causes of biases in codon usage is essential to the understanding of viral evolution. A comprehensive study to investigate the effect of selection pressure imposed by the human host on the codon usage of an emerging, pandemic IAV strain and the trends in viral codon usage involved over the pandemic time period is much needed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>We performed a comprehensive codon usage analysis of 310 IAV strains from the pandemic of 2009. Highly biased codon usage for Ala, Arg, Pro, Thr and Ser were found. Codon usage is strongly influenced by underlying biases in base composition. When correspondence analysis (COA) on relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) is applied, the distribution of IAV ORFs in the plane defined by the first two major dimensional factors showed that different strains are located at different places, suggesting that IAV codon usage also reflects an evolutionary process.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>A general association between codon usage bias, base composition and poor adaptation of the virus to the respective host tRNA pool, suggests that mutational pressure is the main force shaping H1N1 pdm IAV codon usage. A dynamic process is observed in the variation of codon usage of the strains enrolled in these studies. These results suggest a balance of mutational bias and natural selection, which allow the virus to explore and re-adapt its codon usage to different environments. Recoding of IAV taking into account codon bias, base composition and adaptation to host tRNA may provide important clues to develop new and appropriate vaccines.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-422X-9-263) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Neumann, G" uniqKey="Neumann G">G Neumann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brownlee, Gg" uniqKey="Brownlee G">GG Brownlee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fodor, E" uniqKey="Fodor E">E Fodor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawaoka, Y" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y">Y Kawaoka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahn, I" uniqKey="Ahn I">I Ahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Son, Hs" uniqKey="Son H">HS Son</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wolf, Yl" uniqKey="Wolf Y">YL Wolf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Viboud, C" uniqKey="Viboud C">C Viboud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Ec" uniqKey="Holmes E">EC Holmes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koonin, Ev" uniqKey="Koonin E">EV Koonin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lipman, Dj" uniqKey="Lipman D">DJ Lipman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hillerman, Mr" uniqKey="Hillerman M">MR Hillerman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Jc" uniqKey="De Jong J">JC De Jong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rimmelzwaan, Gf" uniqKey="Rimmelzwaan G">GF Rimmelzwaan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fouchier, Ra" uniqKey="Fouchier R">RA Fouchier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osterhaus, Ad" uniqKey="Osterhaus A">AD Osterhaus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Nm" uniqKey="Ferguson N">NM Ferguson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galvani, Ap" uniqKey="Galvani A">AP Galvani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bush, Rm" uniqKey="Bush R">RM Bush</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Gjd" uniqKey="Smith G">GJD Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vijaykrishna, D" uniqKey="Vijaykrishna D">D Vijaykrishna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bahl, J" uniqKey="Bahl J">J Bahl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lycett, Sj" uniqKey="Lycett S">SJ Lycett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Worobey, M" uniqKey="Worobey M">M Worobey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pybus, Og" uniqKey="Pybus O">OG Pybus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Sk" uniqKey="Ma S">SK Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheung, Cl" uniqKey="Cheung C">CL Cheung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raghwani, J" uniqKey="Raghwani J">J Raghwani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhatt, S" uniqKey="Bhatt S">S Bhatt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peiris, Jsm" uniqKey="Peiris J">JSM Peiris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guan, Y" uniqKey="Guan Y">Y Guan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, A" uniqKey="Rambaut A">A Rambaut</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gorman, Ot" uniqKey="Gorman O">OT Gorman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bean, Wj" uniqKey="Bean W">WJ Bean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawaoka, Y" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y">Y Kawaoka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donatelli, I" uniqKey="Donatelli I">I Donatelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Yj" uniqKey="Guo Y">YJ Guo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Webster, Rg" uniqKey="Webster R">RG Webster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stoletzki, N" uniqKey="Stoletzki N">N Stoletzki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eyre Walker, A" uniqKey="Eyre Walker A">A Eyre-Walker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wong, E" uniqKey="Wong E">E Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Dk" uniqKey="Smith D">DK Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rabadan, R" uniqKey="Rabadan R">R Rabadan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peiris, M" uniqKey="Peiris M">M Peiris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poon, L" uniqKey="Poon L">L Poon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ikemura, T" uniqKey="Ikemura T">T Ikemura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sharp, Pm" uniqKey="Sharp P">PM Sharp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Wh" uniqKey="Li W">WH Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kryazhimskiy, S" uniqKey="Kryazhimskiy S">S Kryazhimskiy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bazykin, Ga" uniqKey="Bazykin G">GA Bazykin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dushoff, J" uniqKey="Dushoff J">J Dushoff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhou, T" uniqKey="Zhou T">T Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gu, W" uniqKey="Gu W">W Gu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, J" uniqKey="Ma J">J Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, X" uniqKey="Sun X">X Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Z" uniqKey="Lu Z">Z Lu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Comeron, Jm" uniqKey="Comeron J">JM Comeron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aguade, M" uniqKey="Aguade M">M Aguade</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Greenacre, M" uniqKey="Greenacre M">M Greenacre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tao, P" uniqKey="Tao P">P Tao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dai, L" uniqKey="Dai L">L Dai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luo, M" uniqKey="Luo M">M Luo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, F" uniqKey="Tang F">F Tang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tien, P" uniqKey="Tien P">P Tien</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pan, Z" uniqKey="Pan Z">Z Pan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crick, Fhc" uniqKey="Crick F">FHC Crick</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chan, Pp" uniqKey="Chan P">PP Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lowe, Tm" uniqKey="Lowe T">TM Lowe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, Zp" uniqKey="Li Z">ZP Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ying, Dq" uniqKey="Ying D">DQ Ying</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, P" uniqKey="Li P">P Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, F" uniqKey="Li F">F Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bo, Xc" uniqKey="Bo X">XC Bo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Sq" uniqKey="Wang S">SQ Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Woo, Pcy" uniqKey="Woo P">PCY Woo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Bhl" uniqKey="Wong B">BHL Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Y" uniqKey="Huang Y">Y Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lau, Skp" uniqKey="Lau S">SKP Lau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, K" uniqKey="Yuen K">K Yuen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhong, J" uniqKey="Zhong J">J Zhong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Y" uniqKey="Li Y">Y Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, S" uniqKey="Zhao S">S Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, S" uniqKey="Liu S">S Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Z" uniqKey="Zhang Z">Z Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jia, R" uniqKey="Jia R">R Jia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, A" uniqKey="Cheng A">A Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, M" uniqKey="Wang M">M Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xin, H" uniqKey="Xin H">H Xin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Y" uniqKey="Guo Y">Y Guo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, D" uniqKey="Zhu D">D Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qi, X" uniqKey="Qi X">X Qi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, L" uniqKey="Zhao L">L Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ge, H" uniqKey="Ge H">H Ge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, X" uniqKey="Chen X">X Chen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, Wq" uniqKey="Liu W">WQ Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, J" uniqKey="Zhang J">J Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Yq" uniqKey="Zhang Y">YQ Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Jh" uniqKey="Zhou J">JH Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Ht" uniqKey="Chen H">HT Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Ln" uniqKey="Ma L">LN Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Yz" uniqKey="Ding Y">YZ Ding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Y" uniqKey="Liu Y">Y Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shackelton, La" uniqKey="Shackelton L">LA Shackelton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parrish, Cr" uniqKey="Parrish C">CR Parrish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Ec" uniqKey="Holmes E">EC Holmes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dorn, A" uniqKey="Dorn A">A Dorn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kippenberger, S" uniqKey="Kippenberger S">S Kippenberger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lobo, Fp" uniqKey="Lobo F">FP Lobo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mota, Bef" uniqKey="Mota B">BEF Mota</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pena, Sdj" uniqKey="Pena S">SDJ Pena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Azevedo, V" uniqKey="Azevedo V">V Azevedo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macedo, Am" uniqKey="Macedo A">AM Macedo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tauch, A" uniqKey="Tauch A">A Tauch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Machado, Cr" uniqKey="Machado C">CR Machado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franco, Gr" uniqKey="Franco G">GR Franco</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Greenbaum, Bd" uniqKey="Greenbaum B">BD Greenbaum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levine, Aj" uniqKey="Levine A">AJ Levine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhanot, G" uniqKey="Bhanot G">G Bhanot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rabadan, R" uniqKey="Rabadan R">R Rabadan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rabadan, R" uniqKey="Rabadan R">R Rabadan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levine, Aj" uniqKey="Levine A">AJ Levine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robins, H" uniqKey="Robins H">H Robins</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rothberg, Pg" uniqKey="Rothberg P">PG Rothberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wimmer, E" uniqKey="Wimmer E">E Wimmer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Karlin, S" uniqKey="Karlin S">S Karlin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doerfler, W" uniqKey="Doerfler W">W Doerfler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cardon, Lr" uniqKey="Cardon L">LR Cardon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martinez G Mez, M" uniqKey="Martinez G Mez M">M Martínez-Gómez</name></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Tort, F" uniqKey="L Pez Tort F">F López-Tort</name></author><author><name sortKey="Volotao Ede, M" uniqKey="Volotao Ede M">M Volotao-Ede</name></author><author><name sortKey="Recarey, R" uniqKey="Recarey R">R Recarey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moratorio, G" uniqKey="Moratorio G">G Moratorio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Musto, H" uniqKey="Musto H">H Musto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leite Jp Cristina, J" uniqKey="Leite Jp Cristina J">J Leite JP Cristina</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="D Ndrea, L" uniqKey="D Ndrea L">L D’Andrea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pint, Rm" uniqKey="Pint R">RM Pintó</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, A" uniqKey="Bosch A">A Bosch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Musto, H" uniqKey="Musto H">H Musto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cristina, J" uniqKey="Cristina J">J Cristina</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vetsigian, K" uniqKey="Vetsigian K">K Vetsigian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goldenfeld, N" uniqKey="Goldenfeld N">N Goldenfeld</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sharp, Pm" uniqKey="Sharp P">PM Sharp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cowe, E" uniqKey="Cowe E">E Cowe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Higgins, Dg" uniqKey="Higgins D">DG Higgins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shields, Dc" uniqKey="Shields D">DC Shields</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolfe, Kh" uniqKey="Wolfe K">KH Wolfe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, F" uniqKey="Wright F">F Wright</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ikemura, T" uniqKey="Ikemura T">T Ikemura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Weringh, A" uniqKey="Van Weringh A">A van Weringh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ragonnet Cronin, M" uniqKey="Ragonnet Cronin M">M Ragonnet-Cronin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pranckeviciene, E" uniqKey="Pranckeviciene E">E Pranckeviciene</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pavon Eternod, M" uniqKey="Pavon Eternod M">M Pavon-Eternod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kleiman, L" uniqKey="Kleiman L">L Kleiman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xia, X" uniqKey="Xia X">X Xia</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ngumbela, Kc" uniqKey="Ngumbela K">KC Ngumbela</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ryan, Kp" uniqKey="Ryan K">KP Ryan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sivamurthy, R" uniqKey="Sivamurthy R">R Sivamurthy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brockman, Ma" uniqKey="Brockman M">MA Brockman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gandhi, Rt" uniqKey="Gandhi R">RT Gandhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhardwaj, N" uniqKey="Bhardwaj N">N Bhardwaj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kavanagh, Dg" uniqKey="Kavanagh D">DG Kavanagh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coleman, Jr" uniqKey="Coleman J">JR Coleman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papamichail, D" uniqKey="Papamichail D">D Papamichail</name></author><author><name sortKey="Skiena, S" uniqKey="Skiena S">S Skiena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Futcher, B" uniqKey="Futcher B">B Futcher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wimmer, E" uniqKey="Wimmer E">E Wimmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, S" uniqKey="Muller S">S Muller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burns, Cc" uniqKey="Burns C">CC Burns</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shaw, J" uniqKey="Shaw J">J Shaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campagnoli, R" uniqKey="Campagnoli R">R Campagnoli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jorba, J" uniqKey="Jorba J">J Jorba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vincent, A" uniqKey="Vincent A">A Vincent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quay, J" uniqKey="Quay J">J Quay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kew, O" uniqKey="Kew O">O Kew</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mueller, S" uniqKey="Mueller S">S Mueller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papamichail, D" uniqKey="Papamichail D">D Papamichail</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coleman, Jr" uniqKey="Coleman J">JR Coleman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Skiena, S" uniqKey="Skiena S">S Skiena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wimmer, E" uniqKey="Wimmer E">E Wimmer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coleman, Jr" uniqKey="Coleman J">JR Coleman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papamichail, D" uniqKey="Papamichail D">D Papamichail</name></author><author><name sortKey="Skiena, S" uniqKey="Skiena S">S Skiena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Futcher, B" uniqKey="Futcher B">B Futcher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wimmer, E" uniqKey="Wimmer E">E Wimmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mueller, S" uniqKey="Mueller S">S Mueller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bull, Jj" uniqKey="Bull J">JJ Bull</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molineux, Ij" uniqKey="Molineux I">IJ Molineux</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilke, Co" uniqKey="Wilke C">CO Wilke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mueller, S" uniqKey="Mueller S">S Mueller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coleman, Jr" uniqKey="Coleman J">JR Coleman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papamichail, D" uniqKey="Papamichail D">D Papamichail</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ward, Cb" uniqKey="Ward C">CB Ward</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nimnaual, A" uniqKey="Nimnaual A">A Nimnaual</name></author><author><name sortKey="Futcher, B" uniqKey="Futcher B">B Futcher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Skiena, S" uniqKey="Skiena S">S Skiena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wimmer, E" uniqKey="Wimmer E">E Wimmer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burns, Cc" uniqKey="Burns C">CC Burns</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campagnoli, R" uniqKey="Campagnoli R">R Campagnoli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shaw, J" uniqKey="Shaw J">J Shaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vincent, A" uniqKey="Vincent A">A Vincent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jorba, J" uniqKey="Jorba J">J Jorba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kew, O" uniqKey="Kew O">O Kew</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wimmer, E" uniqKey="Wimmer E">E Wimmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, Av" uniqKey="Paul A">AV Paul</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wimmer, E" uniqKey="Wimmer E">E Wimmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mueller, S" uniqKey="Mueller S">S Mueller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tumpey, Tm" uniqKey="Tumpey T">TM Tumpey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taubenberger, Jk" uniqKey="Taubenberger J">JK Taubenberger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bao, Y" uniqKey="Bao Y">Y Bao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bolotov, D" uniqKey="Bolotov D">D Bolotov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dernovoy, B" uniqKey="Dernovoy B">B Dernovoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kiryutin, L" uniqKey="Kiryutin L">L Kiryutin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zaslavsky, L" uniqKey="Zaslavsky L">L Zaslavsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tatusova, T" uniqKey="Tatusova T">T Tatusova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ostell, J" uniqKey="Ostell J">J Ostell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lipman, D" uniqKey="Lipman D">D Lipman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Edgar, Rc" uniqKey="Edgar R">RC Edgar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, Y" uniqKey="Nakamura Y">Y Nakamura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gojobori, T" uniqKey="Gojobori T">T Gojobori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ikemura, T" uniqKey="Ikemura T">T Ikemura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Uruguay</li></country></list><tree><country name="Uruguay"><noRegion><name sortKey="Go I, Natalia" sort="Go I, Natalia" uniqKey="Go I N" first="Natalia" last="Go I">Natalia Go I</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Comas, Victoria" sort="Comas, Victoria" uniqKey="Comas V" first="Victoria" last="Comas">Victoria Comas</name><name sortKey="Cristina, Juan" sort="Cristina, Juan" uniqKey="Cristina J" first="Juan" last="Cristina">Juan Cristina</name><name sortKey="Iriarte, Andres" sort="Iriarte, Andres" uniqKey="Iriarte A" first="Andrés" last="Iriarte">Andrés Iriarte</name><name sortKey="Iriarte, Andres" sort="Iriarte, Andres" uniqKey="Iriarte A" first="Andrés" last="Iriarte">Andrés Iriarte</name><name sortKey="Moratorio, Gonzalo" sort="Moratorio, Gonzalo" uniqKey="Moratorio G" first="Gonzalo" last="Moratorio">Gonzalo Moratorio</name><name sortKey="Moratorio, Gonzalo" sort="Moratorio, Gonzalo" uniqKey="Moratorio G" first="Gonzalo" last="Moratorio">Gonzalo Moratorio</name><name sortKey="Moreno, Pilar" sort="Moreno, Pilar" uniqKey="Moreno P" first="Pilar" last="Moreno">Pilar Moreno</name><name sortKey="Moreno, Pilar" sort="Moreno, Pilar" uniqKey="Moreno P" first="Pilar" last="Moreno">Pilar Moreno</name><name sortKey="Musto, Hector" sort="Musto, Hector" uniqKey="Musto H" first="Héctor" last="Musto">Héctor Musto</name><name sortKey="So Ora, Martin" sort="So Ora, Martin" uniqKey="So Ora M" first="Martín" last="So Ora">Martín So Ora</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/PandemieGrippaleV1/Data/2020/Analysis
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000233 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/2020/Analysis/biblio.hfd -nk 000233 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= PandemieGrippaleV1
|flux= 2020
|étape= Analysis
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:3543350
|texte= Pandemic influenza A virus codon usage revisited: biases, adaptation and implications for vaccine strain development
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/2020/Analysis/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:23134595" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/2020/Analysis/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a PandemieGrippaleV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.34. |  |